Las Relaciones Exteriores de Venezuela entre 1999 y 2021: Recordatorio, Reflexión y Aliento

Elsa  Cardozo

doi:10.58479/cu.2024.146

Authors

Elsa Cardozo Universidad Metropolitana de Caracas (Venezuela)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58479/cu.2024.146

Keywords:

Foreign policy, authoritarian resilience, democratic resistance, international relations, geopolitics

Abstract

This article examines the evolution of Venezuela's foreign policy from 1999 to 2021, identifying key changes in its strategic orientations. It analyzes how the government has redefined its international relations, favoring ties with authoritarian regimes and using economic resources for geopolitical purposes. Additionally, the study explores authoritarian resilience and democratic resistance in the international context. Finally, reflections on the lessons learned and prospects for democratic recovery are presented.

Author Biography

Elsa Cardozo, Universidad Metropolitana de Caracas (Venezuela)

Elsa Cardozo is a native of Caracas, an internationalist, and holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the Central University of Venezuela (UCV), where she is also a retired tenured professor. She served as Director and faculty member at the School of Liberal Studies at the Metropolitan University, and is currently involved in teaching and research at Simón Bolívar University and Andrés Bello Catholic University. Her written work—books, chapters in collective volumes, and journal articles—along with her activity as a lecturer and consultant, has focused on the history and analysis of Venezuelan diplomacy, international politics, negotiation, security, and national and regional governance. She is also the author of biographical studies on Venezuelan figures. A columnist in the press since 1990, she has been a regular contributor to El Nacional newspaper since 2005.