Cuadernos Unimetanos

Contributions of Martín J. Sanabria to the Consolidation of the Doctrine of the Teaching State in Venezuela

Rafael Acosta Sanabria — 2025-12-22

The article analyzes the contributions of Martín J. Sanabria to the consolidation of the doctrine of the Teaching State (Estado Docente) in Venezuela, based on the 1870 Decree of Free and Compulsory Public Education, enacted under the government of Antonio Guzmán Blanco. It examines the influence of thinkers such as Simón Rodríguez, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, and Cecilio Acosta on Sanabria’s pedagogical ideas, as well as his decisive role in drafting the Decree. The text highlights how this legal instrument laid the foundations for free, universal, and compulsory education in the country, establishing the State as guarantor of public instruction. It concludes that this historical milestone marked the formal beginning of the Teaching State in Venezuela, with far-reaching effects on educational policies throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.

Real-Time Monitoring of Residence Time in a Continuous Reactor Using Tracers and MATLAB

Alexander Balza — 2025-12-22

The determination of residence time distribution (RTD) is essential for optimizing chemical processes, as it influences reactant conversion, product selectivity, and the overall efficiency of the reactor. This study focuses on the characterization of the RTD in a laboratory-scale vertical plug flow reactor, using a dye tracer and a real-time data acquisition system. An experimental setup was implemented that includes a peristaltic pump, an LDR light sensor, an Arduino UNO, and an application developed in MATLAB App Designer for data collection and analysis. The results indicate that increasing the flow rate reduces the average residence time, and the use of the Weibull distribution was validated to model the non-ideal behavior of the reactor. This work not only contributes to the characterization of non-ideal reactors but also provides an educational platform that allows students to replicate the experiment and analyze data in real time, highlighting the usefulness of modern tools in teaching key concepts in chemical engineering.

Between Vulnerability and Action: An Operational Vision of Pharmaceutical Resilience in Venezuela

Miriam Benhayon Benarroch — 2025-12-22

In contexts of high operational uncertainty, such as Venezuela, where logistical, regulatory, and operational disruptions directly affect the continuity of medicine supply, resilience in the pharmaceutical supply chain becomes a decisive factor in ensuring continuous access to medicines. This article presents a study based on two key strategies: the concept of the Minimum Viable Personnel (MVP), inspired by the Lean Startup methodology, and the implementation of the Reorder Point under a Just-in-Case (JIC) approach. Both strategies were validated through dynamic simulation using Arena Simulation software, based on real data collected from three Venezuelan pharmaceutical laboratories. The methodology combined qualitative analysis, drawn from semi-structured interviews with sector executives, and quantitative analysis through simulations of operational flows with and without the implementation of the proposed strategies. The results showed a 14% improvement in processed orders and a reduction of more than 65% in failures due to environmental conditions, attributable to better inventory planning and a more efficient allocation of personnel. The findings validate that, even with limited resources, the correct identification of critical roles and the anticipatory planning of replenishment significantly strengthen operational continuity. It is concluded that these strategies are applicable and scalable to similar environments and constitute a concrete foundation for future resilience policies in the Latin American pharmaceutical industry.

Lessons from Oil Well Exploitation Rights Auctions in the United States for Venezuela: An Approach

María Fernanda Fuenmayor Sánchez — 2025-12-22

This research explores the potential for Venezuela to adopt the oil exploitation rights auction model as implemented in the United States. The study examines the dynamics of auctions in the U.S. context, applies the Bayesian Nash equilibrium to understand bidders’ strategies, and proposes an efficient mechanism for the allocation of exploitation rights in Venezuela. The objective is to provide practical and theoretical recommendations that can enhance the efficiency, transparency, and competitiveness of the Venezuelan oil sector, thereby promoting investment and optimizing resource management.

Economic Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Workforce: A Comparison Between Developed and Emerging Countries. Case Study: United States, Germany, Argentina, and Brazil

Abril Granadillo — 2025-12-22

There are concerns about the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including suggestions that it may not be beneficial and could negatively affect the workforce, leading to increased unemployment, especially in sectors that depend on unskilled labor. Economically diversified countries could fare well in absorbing the technological changes that AI would generate, but emerging economies face significant obstacles, such as a lack of skills in the workforce to adapt to the digital world. This study compares the economic effect of AI on the workforce in the United States and Germany, versus Argentina and Brazil between 2012 and 2020. Using
a panel data econometric model, it analyzes how investments in AI affect the workforce in the different economic contexts of developed and emerging countries.